Skip to main content
editor.geographicalstudies@gmail.com
9472299891
e-ISSN: applied
Geographical Studies and Development

Geographical Studies and Development

Published

Geographical Indication Tag for Mithila Makhana and Its Prospects for Development in North Bihar, India

Published in July 2026 (Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2026)

Geographical Indication Tag for Mithila Makhana and Its Prospects for Development in North Bihar, India - Issue cover

Abstract

Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.), commonly known as fox nut or gorgon nut, is an aquatic crop of considerable economic, nutritional and cultural significance in the Kosi–Mithila region of North Bihar (Kumar & Gupta, 2022). The conferment of the Geographical Indication Tag on “Mithila Makhana” on 14 August 2022 has conferred renewed momentum to its branding, market identity and export potential. The present study examines the socio-economic profile of Makhana cultivators and evaluates the impact of the G.I. tag on production, price realisation and livelihood conditions in the region, while identifying the major constraints to sustaining the crop. The study is based on a mixed-methods design. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and direct interviews from 68 respondents drawn through purposive sampling in January 2025, supplemented by secondary data from the ICAR, Darbhanga, the Directorate of Horticulture and NABARD. Quantitative analyses were performed using MS Excel and IBM SPSS. The results indicate that per-hectare Makhana production rose modestly from approximately 9.08 to 10.07 quintals per hectare following the grant of the G.I. tag, while the average selling price of raw Makhana rose by 92.48 percent, from ₹133 per kg in 2021 to ₹256 per kg in 2025. However, awareness of the G.I. tag remained limited (41.2 percent), only 1.5 percent of respondents perceived a definitive positive impact, and 76.5 percent remained uncertain. Persistent constraints, including absence of formal training (82.4 percent trained only through conventional means), inadequate storage (only 5.9 percent have access), climate stress and limited institutional support, continue to constrain the sector. The study concludes that coordinated intervention through Farmer Producer Organisations, minimum support prices, processing infrastructure and effective leveraging of the G.I. tag is essential to convert the recent price gains into broad-based and sustainable livelihood improvement in the Kosi–Mithila region.

References

  1. [1]Ahmad, A. (2020). A study on constraints of Makhana cultivation and suitable measures for its better development. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(1), 984–987. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i1q.10580
  2. [2]Bihar Horticulture Development Society. (2022). Bihar Makhana at a Glance. Directorate of Horticulture, Department of Agriculture, Government of Bihar.
  3. [3]Bowen, S., & Zapata, A. V. (2008). Geographical indications, terroir, and socioeconomic and ecological sustainability: The case of tequila. Journal of Rural Studies, 25, 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2008.07.003
  4. [4]Das, S., Der, P., Raychaudhuri, U., Maulik, N., & Das, D. K. (2006). The effect of Euryale ferox, an herb of aquatic origin, on myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 289(1), 55–63.
  5. [5]Directorate of Horticulture, Government of Bihar. (2022). Makhana: Area and Production Data in Bihar.
  6. [6]FAO. (2018). Strengthening sustainable food systems through geographical indications: An analysis of economic impacts (1st ed.). FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i8737en
  7. [7]Geographical Indication Registry, Government of India. (2022). Application No. 696: Mithila Makhana.
  8. [8]ICAR Research Centre, Darbhanga. (2024). Reports on Makhana Production in North Bihar.
  9. [9]Jana, B. R., Srivastava, A., & Idris, Md. (2018). Climate change effects and quality makhana production under wetland ecosystem of North Bihar. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.072
  10. [10]Jha, S. N. (1999). Physical and hygroscopic properties of makhana. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 72(2), 145–150.
  11. [11]Kumar, A., Vahoniya, D. R., & Rajwadi, A. (2023). Status of makhana production and marketing in India: A chronological review. The Bioscan, 18. https://doi.org/10.61739/tbf.2023.12.2.476
  12. [12]Kumar, B. (2025). भौगोलिक संकेतक एवं स्टार्टअप्स का मखाना कृषि पर प्रभाव: बिहार के दरभंगा जिले के संदर्भ में. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies. https://doi.org/10.59828/ijhce.v1i2.7
  13. [13]Kumar, S., & Gupta, P. (2022). Impact of over cultivation of Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.). International Journal of Biosciences. https://doi.org/10.46505/ijbi.2022.4208
  14. [14]Kumari, A., & Jha, V. (2018). Ethnic uses of Makhana in Mithila (North Bihar) and other parts of India. Journal of Traditional and Folk Practices, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.25173/jtfp.2017.5.1.65
  15. [15]Mandal, R. N., Saha, G. S., & Sarangi, N. (2010). Harvest and processing of Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.): A unique assemblage of traditional knowledge. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 9(4), 684–688.
  16. [16]Mittal, R., Sharma, S., & Mittal, A. (2020). A critical review on ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects of Euryale ferox Salisb. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.199
  17. [17]Monthly Dashboard – Makhana (Fox-Nut). (2025, September). APEDA. https://apeda.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-10/MIC_Monthly_dashboard_Makhana_30102025.pdf
  18. [18]NABARD & Department of Agriculture, Bihar. (2023). Annual Report on Aquatic Crop Development.
  19. [19]RC. (2026). District-wise analysis of Makhana cultivation in Bihar: Area, production, and yield (2021–22). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18359590
  20. [20]Sharma, A., Mishra, R. R., Saw, B., & Ahmad, N. (2020). Economic analysis of Makhana cultivation in Darbhanga and Madhubani districts of Bihar, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.130
  21. [21]Singh, D. K., Kumar, A., Kumar, U., & Singh, I. S. (2021). Production and profitability of Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) in aquatic ecosystem of North Bihar, India. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 57(2), 101–107.
  22. [22]Singh, D. K., Singh, I., Kumar, U., et al. (2018). Traditional wisdom of Mallah community regarding Makhana production and processing in North Bihar. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 54.
  23. [23]Sinha, C. B. K., & Jha, V. (2025). Impacts of climate change on cultivation of Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) and biocontrol of associated weeds – A case study of Darbhanga district in Bihar, India. International Journal of Plant and Environment, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v11i02.19
  24. [24]Statistics Times. (2024). Per Capita National Income Data 2023–24.

Authors (4)

SK Amirul Islam

Patna University

View all publications →

Aktar Hussain

Patna University

View all publications →

Shubham Kumar

Patna University

View all publications →

Dr. Md. Nazim

Patna University

View all publications →

Download Article

PDF

Best for printing and citation

File size: 0.8 MB
Format: PDF

Summarise this paper with AI:

Article Information

GSD110003

GSD-01-000004

23-40

2026-07-06

JATS XML

Article Impact

Views:3,181
Downloads:957

How to Cite

Amirul, S., & Hussain & Kumar & Md., D. (2026). Geographical Indication Tag for Mithila Makhana and Its Prospects for Development in North Bihar, India. Geographical Studies and Development, 1(1), 23-40. https://geographicalstudies.com/articles/GSD110003

Article Actions

Whatsapp