Published
Understanding the Level of Job Satisfaction among the Workers of Tea-processing Units based on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM): A Case Study of Rajganj Block, Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal
Published in July 2026 (Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2026)

Keywords
Abstract
In India, the overall status of tea plantation workers and their working environment is governed by the Plantation Labour Act (PLA), 1951, and the rules framed by the state governments. Tea-processing workers are largely associated with ‘red-collar’ jobs that demand empirical study of their job satisfaction. Historically, tea-processing has been one of the major industrial sectors of Jalpaiguri district. This study determines the factors influencing job satisfaction among workers of tea-processing units in the Rajganj block of Jalpaiguri district. A semi-structured schedule was administered to 250 randomly selected respondents. Data were analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) followed by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Results show that wage and health-care facilities exert a strong positive effect on job satisfaction (β = 0.77). Welfare and job security (β = –0.04) and housing and supervision (β = –0.02) exhibit weak negative effects, indicating that moderate changes in these variables produce only slight changes in satisfaction. The findings underscore the primacy of wage and health-care benefits for improving job satisfaction in the tea-processing sector of the study area.
References
- [1]Aziri, B. (2011). Job satisfaction: A literature review. Management Research & Practice, 3(4), 77–86.
- [2]Bright, L. (2008). Does public service motivation really make a difference on the job satisfaction and turnover intentions of public employees? The American Review of Public Administration, 38(2), 149–166.
- [3]Clark, A. E. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender: Why are women so happy at work? Labour Economics, 4(4), 341–372.
- [4]Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Sanfey, P. (1998). Job satisfaction, wage change and quits. Research in Labor Economics, 17, 95–121.
- [5]Clark, A. E., Oswald, A., & Warr, P. (1996). Is job satisfaction U-shaped in age? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69(1), 57–81.
- [6]Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S. R., Park, H., & Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: An updated review. Ecological Processes, 5, Article 19.
- [7]Freeman, R. B. (1978). Job satisfaction as an economic variable. American Economic Review, 68(2), 135–141.
- [8]Gamero-Burón, C. (2009). Job satisfaction and on-the-job search: A theoretical and empirical approach. Revista de Economía Laboral, 6(1), 35–54.
- [9]Glimer, V. V. (1966). Industrial psychology. McGraw-Hill.
- [10]Goforth, C. (2015). Using and interpreting Cronbach’s alpha. University of Virginia Library. https://data.library.virginia.edu/using-and-interpreting-cronbachs-alpha/
- [11]Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. A. (2000). Behavior in organizations (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.
- [12]Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). An introduction to structural equation modeling. In Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R (pp. 1–29). Springer.
- [13]Hoppock, R. (1935). Job satisfaction. Macmillan.
- [14]Judge, T. A., Parker, S. K., Colbert, A. E., Heller, D., & Ilies, R. (2002). Job satisfaction: A cross-cultural review. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 25–52). Sage.
- [15]Kara, M. M. (2010). İş tatmini ile mutluluk ve başarı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Marmara University.
- [16]Khalkho, R., & Ghosh, S. (2025). Evaluating constraints and job satisfaction among tea garden workers. Plant Archives, 25(2), 580–587.
- [17]Koç, H., Yazıcıoğlu, İ., & Hatipoğlu, H. (2009). Öğretmenlerin iş doyum algıları ile performansları arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28, 13–32.
- [18]Kratzel, R. A. (1964). Personal values, job satisfaction and job behaviour. Houghton Mifflin.
- [19]Lancaster, K. (1966). A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of Political Economy, 74(1), 132–157.
- [20]Lévy-Garboua, L., & Montmarquette, C. (2004). Reported job satisfaction: What does it mean? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 33(2), 135–151.
- [21]Lévy-Garboua, L., Montmarquette, C., & Simonnet, V. (2007). Job satisfaction and quits. Labour Economics, 14(2), 251–268.
- [22]Li, J., Sawaragi, T., & Horiguchi, Y. (2021). Introduce structural equation modelling to machine learning problems for building an explainable and persuasive model. SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration, 14(2), 67–79.
- [23]Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4(4), 309–336.
- [24]Loehlin, J. C., & Beaujean, A. A. (2017). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis (5th ed.). Routledge.
- [25]Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. Harper & Row.
- [26]Mueller, R. O., & Hancock, G. R. (2019). Structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock, L. M. Stapleton & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (2nd ed., pp. 445–456). Routledge.
- [27]Naff, K. C., & Crum, J. (1999). Working for America: Does public service motivation make a difference? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 19(4), 5–15.
- [28]Priyadarshan, S. (2019). Workers satisfaction on the facilities provided by the plantation companies—with special reference to Kerala state. Journal of Management, 6(3), 157–178.
- [29]Simatwa, E. M. W. (2011). Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction among teachers in Kenya. Kenya Journal of Education Planning Economics and Management, 3(3), 114–123.
- [30]Sonmezer, M. G., & Eryaman, M. Y. (2008). A comparative analysis of job satisfaction levels of public and private school teachers. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 4(2), 20–33.
- [31]Su, X., & Bozeman, B. (2009). Dynamics of sector switching: Hazard models predicting changes from private sector jobs to public and nonprofit sector jobs. Public Administration Review, 69(6), 1106–1114.
Authors (2)
Suity Ghosh
University of North BengalUniversity of North BengalUniversity of North BengalUniversity of North Bengal
View all publications →Prof. (Dr.) Ranjan Roy
University of North BengalUniversity of North BengalUniversity of North BengalUniversity of North Bengal
View all publications →Download Article
Best for printing and citation
File size: 0.5 MB
Format: PDF
Summarise this paper with AI:
Article Information
Published in:
July 2026 (Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2026)Article Impact
Views:1,682
Downloads:1,141
How to Cite
Ghosh & Prof. (Dr.) Ranjan Roy (2026). Understanding the Level of Job Satisfaction among the Workers of Tea-processing Units based on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM): A Case Study of Rajganj Block, Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal. Geographical Studies and Development, 1(1), 41-54. https://geographicalstudies.com/articles/GSD110004
Article Actions
More from this Issue
Machine-learning-based two-dimensional building exposure assessment to rainfall-triggered landslides in the South Sikkim Himalaya
Shivam PriyadarshiRead more →
Geographical Indication Tag for Mithila Makhana and Its Prospects for Development in North Bihar, India
SK Amirul Islam, Aktar Hu...Read more →
Internal Migration in Sikkim: Patterns, Trends and Causal Factors
Sohel Firdos, Asmita Adhi...Read more →
